Friday 22 May 2015

EXAMPLES OF DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING

EXAMPLES OF DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive reasoning is also known as top down logic, starts off with general statement. Next step involves reducing it to particular statement, and finally you draw a conclusion
EXAMPLES
  • 1.      In commercials people use deductive reasoning to get people buy their product, in Lipton tea add they show that tea is linked with happiness and people who are happy buy Lipton tea. So they link this with fact that if you want to be happy you have to buy Lipton tea
  • 2.      In general, There are signs saying ‘don’t use horn’ near hospitals and schools. If there is a sign then it means school or hospital is nearby.
  • 3.      Dopamine plays important role in bipolar disorder; if person has disturbed dopamine level then it means he has bipolar.

INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive reasoning involve moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories
EXAMPLES
  • 1.      Darwin work on theory of survival of fittest. He started observation on giraffes that those giraffes will die who have less excess to resources and later he generalized his work on all populations that whoever has less excess to resources will die.
  • 2.      Galileo explained law of freely falling bodies that when feather and ball  will be thrown from height they will hit ground at same time. Later he generalized results of his experiment on all objects i.e. they all will hit ground at same time in spite of different weight and mass as gravity works same on all objects.

CASE STUDY OF AN AUTISTIC CHILD




CASE STUDY of AN AUTISTIC CHILD








                 



                                      ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to acknowledge the contribution of the parents of this child who generously shared their knowledge and experience and NASHAIMAN school for special education ,PAKISTAN which provided us with opportunity to have conversation with child and his parents






Below is case study of an autistic child X who was diagnosed with this disorder in early age.
CASE STUDY
Patient X lives at home with his parents and four other siblings. Birth order of patient X is second last. This is chronological birth order not perceived one.  X will be of ten years of age in November, 2015. X’s father did not showed any psychological or neurological impairment yet her mother had some speech problems, other than that both parents don’t have any history of psychological issue. X belongs to a middle class family where there family income is average i.e. 13,000 Rupees approximately. Father is government employ and mother is house wife.

PRENATAL, BIRTH HISTORY:
According to parents, X was product of normal pregnancy with no exposure to medicines or toxins. Yet mother had lung pain during pregnancy which was normal for her during birth of other five children. But lung pain during pregnancy period of X was much more severe.  As mother reported that one day she faced severe lungs pain, as quoted:
“Mjhay aisa lga jaisay kisi kisi nay aik dam gala(neck) zoor say duba de ho. Mera saans band ho gya ho jaisay”
Yet mother did not reached for any medical assistance and got better after a while. After birth First cry of X was delayed. Other than that he was a normal baby with average weight.


AFTER BIRTH
Shortly three months after birth, X developed pneumonia. Records do not show of any change in child activities but mother reported that she observed a slight change in his behavior. X showed sudden change in facial expressions and was showing emotions without any apparent reason i.e. smiling and empty face.
Milestones of X were delayed. He started sitting without support in six months and started talking in 2-31/2  years of age. Because of his delayed milestones and lack of responsiveness parents got worried and contacted child specialist. Dr. diagnosed him hearing issues because of middle ear infection  and on basis of abnormal results of BERA TEST, T3,T4,TSH tests. in early age he was use to listen as well as respond. Mother reported his responses to her lullaby in his early age, he use to repeat after mother too.
Doctor suggested them to have their child operated in order to cure his middle ear infection. Parents decided to visit another doctor before taking big decision. Other doctor referred them to Dr. Munir (psychiatrist). Later Dr. Munir diagnosed X with autism after observation; till this time no tests were taken in order to confirm diagnosis. Dr asked them to visit him 2 times a week in order to rule out other disorders. As discussed earlier, they belong to middle class family and did not have many resources to visit 2 times a week, yet they saw another psychiatrist in their own town.

RELATION WITH PARENTS:
X has close and intimating relation with his parents. He is close to both and often hug them In order to show his affection.

RELATIONSHIP WITH SIBLINGS:
X has good relations with his other siblings.  Mother reported that he is more close to elder sister then other siblings. After birth of his younger brother he showed behavior of hating his brother as if being possessive of his mother. But later that issue was resolved. X is capable of showing emotions as well as able to recognize faces. X use to sleep with his parents till he was 9 year old after that he started sleeping with other siblings in separate room.

BEHAVIORS:
During interview parents reported many behaviors that were characterized of autism spectrum disorder.
X is capable of showing some specific emotions. He shows feeling of love and affections for his parents and siblings and gets angry when someone is not understanding him or trying to impose something on him. Mother reported that when he gets angry he hit wall with his head several times and often get uncontrollable.
X is being reported of showing repeated actions. Repeated actions involved rapid head movement in nodding position, repeating same motor movements again and again. X loves car and love to play with cars. When he is out he tries to chase busses and adore riding them. Other than that during interview he drew waves again and again on board with help of chalk and started saying ‘ALLAH’ again and again. He has good motor coordination and can run and walk easily.
During interview, X was making certain voices but was unable to say words. These voices were not made when he was trying to say something, he was playing and continued to make this voices; ughhh, ghaaa etc.
X cannot talk but try to repeat words that are common and are repeated after him again and again. Her mother repeated some words in front of him and he learned them. Similarly X’s eldest sister is working with him and trying to make him learn basic words. At current he can speak eye, ear, tongue, Allah, mama, papa.api etc. words are not that clear but one can understand them. X can recognize eyes, ears and tongue too.
Mother reported of him getting angry when he is not able to speak properly or unable to say words. When his father is in distint city and calls him. As mother quotes:
kaan say lga kay bolnay ke koshissh krta hay jaisay kuch kah rha ho magar srf mouh hlaata hay awaaz nahi nkalti”
X starts to laugh and cry without reason as if he is in his imaginary world. He lacks ability to make Eye contact with people except parents. Parents told that till 8 years he wasnot able to make eye contact even with them but now he can.
X show significant difficulty in following stimuli. Other them that he is an Active child, ‘respond to “assalam o alaikum” and shake hand. His sleep patterns are normal i.e. 7-8 hours other then few days when he does not sleep at all.
X tries to imitate his eldest sister and his mother by taking their DUPATTA and wearing it. He started to show this imitation behavior at 10 years of age.

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
X is unable to listen or talk properly but he show response to some specific words. Parents decided to send him to school as they thought it would be much better to learn something then nothing.
X started his school in 9 years of age. This school is for special children yet they lack facilities for autistic children. X has friends in his school and in his neighborhood. Earlier, Children in his neighbor used to bully him. Mother reported that he used to show anger when children laugh at him as if he is understanding what they are saying.
Mother told X remains ore happy when he is among normal children rather than with special children. If X likes someone he goes and stands beside them but if he does not like them he even pushes them and tries to hurt them.

THERAPIES:

X is getting speech therapy in his school but other than that he is not getting any other therapy or medication. There are other school in Lahore and Rawalpindi but X’s parents are not so economically strong to afford costly treatments and are concerned about X when he will get younger, who will take care of him and how h will survive in this world.